Connectivity of the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) in Buzzards Bay,Massachusetts, U.S.A.

The harvest of bay scallops (Argopecten irradians) from Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, U.S.A. undergoes large interannual fluctuations, varying by more than an order of magnitude in successive years. To investigate the extent to which these fluctuations may be due to yearly variations in the transport of scallop larvae from spawning areas to suitable juvenile habitat (settlement zones), a high‐resolution hydrodynamic model was used to drive an individual‐based model of scallop larval transport. Model results revealed that scallop spawning in Buzzards Bay occurs during a time when nearshore bay currents were principally directed up‐bay in response to a persistent southwesterly sea breeze. This nearshore flow results in the substantial transport of larvae from lower‐bay spawning areas to settlement zones further up‐bay. Averaged over the entire bay, the spawning‐to‐settlement zone connectivity exhibits little interannual variation. However, connectivities between individual spawning and settlement zones vary by up to an order of magnitude. The model results identified spawning areas that have the greatest probability of transporting larvae to juvenile habitat. Because managers may aim to increase scallop populations either locally or broadly, the high‐connectivity spawning areas were divided into: (i) high larval retention and relatively little larval transport to adjoining settlement areas, (ii) both significant larval retention and transport to more distant settlement areas, and (iii) little larval retention but significant transport to distant settlement areas.     

双层毛刷辊式扇贝清洗工艺参数优化

为获得双层毛刷辊式扇贝清洗机最优清洗参数,以清洗率、破损率为试验指标,以上层毛刷辊转速,下层奇数毛刷辊转速,下层偶数毛刷辊转速为主要影响因子对海湾扇贝进行清洗试验。清洗试验在单因素试验的基础上进行正交实验研究。结果表明:两层毛刷辊间距为15mm,上层毛刷辊转速Va=60r/min,下层奇数毛刷辊转速Vb=45r/min,下层偶数毛刷辊转速Vc=75r/min时获得最佳清洗效果。清洗率平均值达13.75%,破损率平均值达2.1%;5kg清洗时间平均为100s。结果可为扇贝清洗工艺设备的设计提供参考,为双层毛刷辊式扇贝清洗机工作参数的匹配提供理论依据。     

我国四个主要扇贝品种介绍及养殖发展对策

从形态、地理分布、繁殖生物学、生活习性等几个方面介绍了我国四个主要扇贝品种,同时对目前扇贝养殖业存在的问题及对策进行了探讨。     

海湾扇贝自交与杂交子代的生长 比较和通径分析

摘 要：以海湾扇贝US和ME为亲本,建立了海湾扇贝自交UU、MM和杂交UM 3个试验组合,在养殖112、164天时测定生长参数并分析各养殖时期影响体重的主要因素。结果表明：在各养殖时期,杂交子代的壳高、壳厚以及体重均表现出生长优势（P<0.05）,因此认为通过不同地理群体US和ME杂交方式来改善海湾扇贝性状是可行的;通径分析的结果表明,对于自交群体,体长是影响体重的主要影响因素,但对于杂交群体来说,壳高（112天）以及壳厚（164天）对体重的决定作用较大,因此对于该杂交群体的选育,应按照各性状对体重的具体决定系数选择各时期的优势性状,以使子代的杂种优势充分表现。     

海湾扇贝晚苗池塘底播及在褐潮暴发海区筏式养殖效果

为有效避开河北地区褐潮暴发与海湾扇贝养殖时间的重叠,为海湾扇贝产业健康持续发展提供技术支持,对海湾扇贝进行晚苗培育(4月初种贝入室,以下称晚苗)及池塘底播和筏式养殖实验。结果显示,池塘底播海湾扇贝晚苗培育的稚贝(壳长5.0–6.1 mm),经过139 d 的养殖,收获时平均壳长达59.7 mm,扇贝柱5.2 g。2012年筏式养殖海湾扇贝晚苗,收获时平均湿质量、鲜贝柱重和出贝柱率分别为28.7 g、3.8 g 和13.8%。2013年,晚苗收获时平均壳高、湿质量、鲜贝柱重和出贝柱率分别为50.3 mm、24.4 g、3.1 g 和12.7%。按1000 m3育苗水体计算,海湾扇贝晚苗培育可以节省燃煤45.5 t,节约成本6.75万元,养殖晚苗可以降低养殖成本11.6%。研究结果表明,海湾扇贝晚苗养殖技术可以有效规避褐潮暴发的不利影响,而且还可以节约养殖成本和节省能源。     

人工鱼礁材料添加物碳封存能力及其对褶牡蛎(Ostrea plicatula)固碳量的影响

本研究将农渔废弃物(花生秸秆和海湾扇贝壳)作为鱼礁材料添加物,利用礁体自身碳封存增加人工鱼礁碳汇潜能的可行性,并通过研究礁体附着生物的变化特征,探讨礁体材料添加物对人工鱼礁生态系统生物固碳的影响.结果显示,实验海区礁体附着生物的优势种为褶牡蛎(Ostrea plicatula Gmelin),添加了花生秸秆和海湾扇贝壳的人工鱼礁并未显著增加褶牡蛎的附着量(P＞0.05).通过对添加物礁体自身碳封存量的计算,海湾扇贝壳添加物单位实验礁的最小碳封存量为104.13kg,最大碳封存量为260.32kg;花生秸秆添加物单位实验礁的最小碳封存量为296.28kg,最大碳封存量为740.70 kg;实验礁体添加物的总碳封存量达2802.87 kg.以此估算,如将实验所在的66.67 hm2礁区已投放的圆管型混凝土礁材料加入添加物,以海湾扇贝壳替代率为10％计算,至少可完成52040.00 kg碳的封存,以花生秸秆替代率为25％计算,礁体自身的碳封存量可达370350.00kg.     

紫扇贝与海湾扇贝杂交后代生长发育的比较研究

为进一步研究杂交扇贝的杂种优势。以紫扇贝、海湾扇贝及其杂交子一代为亲本,建立了紫扇贝自交(ZZ)、海湾扇贝自交(HH)、紫扇贝（卵）×海湾扇贝（精）(ZH)、海湾扇贝（卵）×紫扇贝（精）(HZ)和杂交扇贝F1代自交(F2)等5个实验群体,并比较各组受精率、孵化率、幼虫期存活率和收获时的壳高、体重及柱重等。实验结果表明：F2、ZH和HZ的受精率和孵化率均显著高于ZZ和HH,但F2的初始D形幼虫规格显著小于ZH和HZ。在幼虫期,F2和杂交一代ZH和HZ生长率和存活率显著高于自交组HH和ZZ。养成期F2的壳高和体重增长的速度慢于杂交子一代,但均显著高于自交组HH和ZZ,F2、ZH和HZ的出柱率均显著高于HH,表现出明显的杂种优势。     

Effect of florfenicol and oxytetracycline treatments on the intensive larval culture of the Chilean scallop Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819)

The administration of antimicrobials to control bacterial pathologies in Chilean scallop hatcheries is a frequent practice, but their effects on these cultures remained unknown. This study was undertaken to obtain information on the effect of the administration of florfenicol and oxytetracycline on the growth, survival and bacterial content of scallop larvae under farming conditions. Florfenicol‐treated cultures exhibited high survival rates (44% after 17 days of culture), whereas cultures not treated or treated with oxytetracycline collapsed after 11 days of culture. Surprisingly, no significant differences in the heterotrophic (Tukey test; P = 0.226) and Vibrio (Tukey test; P = 0.666) concentrations between the oxytetracycline‐treated and untreated larval cultures were observed. Otherwise, florfenicol administered directly into rearing tanks produced significantly higher larval growth (Tukey test; P = 0.0001) and survival (Tukey test; P = 0.011) than bath treatment. When 2 and 4 mg L^?1 of florfenicol were compared, no significant differences in growth (t‐test; P = 0.4596) and survival (Tukey test; P = 0.057) were observed, suggesting that a concentration of 2 mg L^?1 is sufficient to ensure larval production. The present results demonstrate the efficacy of florfenicol‐based therapy to increase larval survival and growth at commercial scale and prompt the necessity to standardize its use in Chilean scallop hatcheries.     

The influence of temperature and presence of predators on growth,survival and energy allocation for reproduction in the Catarina scallop Argopecten ventricosus

Environmental factors are known to modify the life history of marine ectotherms. In a 16‐month laboratory experiment, we investigated the influence of temperature and presence of predators on life‐history parameters including shell growth, survival and the energy investment in reproduction and body mass of the short‐lived (2–3 years) scallop Argopecten ventricosus. In parallel, A. ventricosus was maintained in the field at the Pacific coast of Baja California, México, to compare growth, survival and reproductive effort under natural conditions. For the laboratory treatments, scallops were reared at simulated field temperatures (SFT), 5 °C above SFT and in the presence of predators. Elevated water temperatures caused higher growth and gonad production, although at the cost of increased mortality. Presence of predators induced energy allocation to muscle rather than gonad growth, deferred spawning and extended survival. Field scallops exhibited higher growth, higher reproductive investment and were able to reproduce twice, whereas all laboratory scallops died after the first spawning. The natural variability of environmental parameters such as food and temperature may thus support optimal growth in the field, and when animals are protected from predators, reproduction in the second year of life.     

墨西哥湾扇贝初级卵母细胞发育及卵黄发生超微结构的初步研究

采用电子显微镜术,研究了墨西哥湾扇贝Argopecten irradians concentricus的初级卵母细胞发育和卵黄发生。结果表明,墨西哥湾扇贝初级卵母细胞的发育可分为卵黄合成前期、卵黄合成期和成熟期;5种细胞器,即线粒体、高尔基液泡、糙面内质网、多泡小体和微吞饮泡参与了初级卵母细胞卵黄颗粒的形成,其中,线粒体和高尔基液泡是形成卵黄颗粒的主要胞器。卵黄物质的来源有内源性和外源性两种方式,外源性卵黄物质主要来自消化腺中贮存的营养。另外,研究发现核膜泡可能参与了多泡小体的形成。